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Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that primarily affects the liver. It can range from a mild, short-term illness (acute hepatitis B) to a serious, long-term (chronic) condition that can lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer. Here’s a comprehensive overview of hepatitis B:

Transmission

Hepatitis B is highly contagious and spreads through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Common modes of transmission include:

• Mother to child: During childbirth (vertical transmission).
• Unprotected sex: With an infected person.
• Sharing needles: Among people who inject drugs.
• Contaminated medical equipment: Such as needles or syringes.
• Blood transfusions: In countries where blood is not screened for HBV.
• Sharing personal items: Such as razors or toothbrushes with an infected person.

HBV is not spread through casual contact like hugging, kissing, or sharing food.

Symptoms

Many people with hepatitis B, especially in the early stages, may not show symptoms. When symptoms occur, they can include:

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain (especially in the liver area)
• Dark urine
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Joint pain

Acute vs. Chronic Hepatitis B

Acute Hepatitis B:

• Short-term infection that lasts less than 6 months. Most adults recover fully without complications. Symptoms may appear 1-4 months after exposure.

Chronic Hepatitis B:

• Long-term infection that lasts more than 6 months. More common in infants and children (90% of infected infants develop chronic hepatitis B). Can lead to serious complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).

Diagnosis

Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests, including:

• HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen): Indicates an active infection.
• Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody): Indicates immunity (from vaccination or recovery).
• Anti-HBc (Hepatitis B core antibody): Indicates past or ongoing infection.
• HBV DNA: Measures the amount of virus in the blood.
• Liver function tests (LFTs): Assess liver damage.

Treatment

Treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic:

Acute Hepatitis B:

• Usually does not require specific treatment. Supportive care includes rest, hydration, and avoiding alcohol. Most people recover completely.

Chronic Hepatitis B:

• Antiviral medications (e.g., tenofovir, entecavir) to suppress the virus and reduce liver damage.
• Regular monitoring of liver function and viral load. In advanced cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Prevention

• Vaccination:
• The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and highly effective. Recommended for all infants, unvaccinated adults, and high-risk groups (e.g., healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners).
• Safe Practices:
• Avoid sharing needles or personal items like razors. Practice safe sex using condoms.
• Ensure proper sterilization of medical equipment.
• Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
• If exposed to HBV, seek immediate medical attention. PEP with the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) can prevent infection.

Complications

Untreated chronic hepatitis B can lead to:

• Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver.
• Liver failure: When the liver can no longer function.
• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Liver cancer.
• Kidney disease: In rare cases.

Living with Hepatitis B

• Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential.
• Avoid alcohol and medications that can harm the liver.
• Maintain a healthy lifestyle to support liver health.

If you suspect you have been exposed to hepatitis B or are experiencing symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for testing and guidance. Early diagnosis and management can prevent complications and improve outcomes.